Stonefly larvae pollution tolerance. RM2AJCYDH – Smithsonian miscellaneous collections .

Stonefly larvae pollution tolerance In contrast, worms, midges, and fly larvae are pollution tolerant and able to withstand stresses better than more sensitive macroinvertebrates. An abundance of Austroperla suggests good habitat and water quality conditions, especially if other mayfly or stonefly groups are abundant. Watermite 7 Riffle Beetle Larvae Marsh Beetle Larvae 7 6 Stonefly Nymph Mayfly Nymph more tolerant to pollution, especially organic wastes or nutrients, which they utilize for food – have hair-like gills all along their abdomen, and are often green in color – important to distinguish family for use in multi-metric biotic index on pages 97-98. These include: Mayfly nymphs (Figure 1) The aquifer stoneflies are found in hypoxic and anoxic zones in the alluvial aquifer, they have anoxia-tolerant phenotypes allowing them to tolerate short-term repeated exposure 4 — Very Tolerant of Pollution segmented y" Aquatic Worms Rat-tailed Maggot must be alive to count Left- Handed Snail Blood Midge Larva GROUP 2 - 3 paddle-like (feathery) tails alive Pollution Sensitive Organisms Group 2 Somewhat pollution tolerant organisms Group 3 Pollution tolerant organisms Step 1: Check off the organisms found in the stream. Macroinvertebrate Type Level of Pollution Tolerance Caddisfly Larva Very Low Tolerance Stonefly Nymph Cranefly Larva Dragonfly Nymph Low Tolerance Damselfly Nymph Leech Moderate Tolerance Midge Larva Left-Handed Snail Aquatic Worms Macroinvertebrate Type Level of Pollution Tolerance Caddisfly Larva Very Low Under conditions of low oxygen availability, the larvae of the stonefly Oyamia lugubris McLachlan demonstrate a ‘push-up’ behavior that is thought to enhance respiratory efficiency. Examples include Midge larvae, snails, Leeches, and stoneflies. This group in cludes stonefly larvae, caddisfly larvae, water pennies, riffle beetles, mayfly larvae, gilled snails, and dobsonfly larvae. They are generally pollution tolerant, although some species are more or less sensitive. Learn more about caddisflies. Objectives: Students will develop an understanding of why it is important to have a Pollution include mayfly nymphs, stonefly nymphs, dragonfly larvae, midge larvae, crayfish, leeches, aquatic worms, and water beetles. necessitating high water quality for larvae to grow into adulthood. s larvae,particularly the larva of Corydalus, as being the closest modern repre-sentative of the primary larva. Samples yielding only pollution–tolerant species or very little diversity or abundance may indicate a less healthy waterbody have limited mobility and cannot escape pollution, macroinvertebrates better reflect the long-term water quality of a site compared to a single sample of chemical constituents that only provides a snapshot in time. The tolerance values (ranging from 0 to 10) give an indication of which are the sensitive taxa (values of 8 or more) and which are the tolerant taxa (values of 3 or less). 5 . I am a carnivore who likes to suck the body juices of other insects, tadpoles and small fish! I can even snatch bugs on the STONEFLY LARVA I live in the Substrate Zone on stones in the fast flowing sections of creeks or amongst reeds in The table shows a variety of aquatic macroinvertebrates anlevel of tolerance to water pollution. For example, stonefly larvae consume algae, living plants, dead leaves, wood, and even each other, making them vital to the food chain 1. Therefore, the presence or absence of species can be used to indicate poor, marginal, good, or excellent water quality. The pollution-sensitive aquatic larvae use silk to make protective cases reinforced with items such as sand, gravel, and plant material. Tolerance Value Tolerance Score Patterned stoneflies 1 0 Alderfly 6 0 Winter stoneflies 2 0 Non-biting midge 9 0 Little brown stonefly 2 0 Black fly 16 1 6 96 Dragonflies 1 1 4 4 Other fly larva 8 0 Damselflies 7 0 Aquatic moth 6 0 Non-Insect Groups Crayfish 5 0 Pea clam 5 0 according to their tolerance to pollution (See Figure 1). The first group are organisms that are completely intolerant of pollution. This makes it important to watch the bugs carefully--if they start to die, the fish using pollution tolerance index classification. ) Very Tolerant # 0 0 0 0 Species Stonefly nymph mayfly nymph caddisfly larvae Rifle beetle larvae # species 0 0 45 0 damselfly nymph 45 0 cranefly larvae dragonfly nymph Specifically, the EPT Index, which includes mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), and caddisflies (Trichoptera), utilizes pollution tolerance ranges to assess water quality. These macroinvertebrates exhibit high tolerance to pollution and thrive in degraded or polluted waters. were highly abundant and more diverse at the upstream stations, but higher numbers of pollution-tolerant taxa (Chironomidae) were found at the downstream stations in GROUP 3 — Fairly Tolerant of Pollution Midge Larva 2 small, but & visjb/e head intense wiggler GROUP Planaria eye spots very small one end is swo //en Black Fly Larva GROUP 1 — Very Intolerant of Pollution 2 tails 10 ng antennae Stonefly Nymph 3 tails fluttering gi//s Mayfly Nymph ve small hard shell Riffle Beetle Adult Larva botto m Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Midge, Pouch Snail, Aquatic Worm and more. Caddisflies are intolerant of low oxygen levels. Hard bottom: 9; Soft bottom: 7. The stonefly is not tolerant to low levels of dissolved oxygen and therefore prefers cold, swift-moving streams. Finally, Trichoptera are caddisfly larvae, some of which build exceptional cases out of all sorts of materials. Stoneflies are an important source of food for trout. Stonefly Must do a push-up every ten steps. , the giant stonefly or The pollution tolerances of the different groups of macroinvertebrates included in the biotic index are based upon their tolerance to dissolved oxygen concentrations in the water. Stonefly nymphs (Order Plecoptera; Figures 2–4) Description: 1–4 cm (0. Adult stoneflies lay their eggs in the water. Sign up now to access Macroinvertebrate Taxa Groups and Pollution Tolerance materials and AI-powered study resources. They may feed on a range of organic matter accumulating on stream beds. The knowledge of indicators can also, in part, be used tolerances are known, the frequency and the distribution of the Pollution Tolerance Index TOT a L NUM b E r O f bO x ES IN rOW GrOUP 4 GrOUP G 2 3rOUP L ESS T ha N 1 1 = POO r 11-16 = fa I r 17-22 = GOOD Gr E a TE r T ha N 2 2 = E x CELLENT TOT a LS Y G 1rOUP stonefly larva mayfly larva gilled snail riffle beetle cranefly larva caddisfly larva dragonfly larva crayfish freshwater clam leech midgelarva isopod Somewhat pollution tolerant: These organisms will be found in clean and slightly polluted waterways. Some of these Benthic (meaning “bottom-dwelling”) macroinvertebrates are small aquatic animals and the aquatic larval stages of insects. 3. docx from BIOL 220W at Pennsylvania State University. 5-8. Others, such as the dobsonfly, stonefly, and the mayfly are incredibly intolerant of low dissolved oxygen. Their presence is generally a sign of good water quality. Taxa are placed in three groups: Group One is pollution sensitive, Group Two There are also macroinvertebrates that are right in the middle and we call them some-what tolerant to pollution (class two). It is important to note that finding “fairly tolerant” or “tolerant” critters does not automatically indicate a polluted stream. They have tolerance values of Besides being important for fish, bugs (especially aquatic insects, or those bugs which live on or around the water) can be an important indication of stream or lake health. Moderately Pollution-tolerant Alderfly larva Color: Brownish Physical Characteristics: Similar in appearance to dobsonfly larva, but smaller. Because they are so small, many bugs are easily affected by even small amounts of pollution or disturbances in the environment. Benthic macroinvertebrates are commonly used as indicators of water quality because they spend all of their time in water, are easy to collect and study, have limited mobility, integrate the effects of short-term pollution and Pollution Tolerance Index Instructions Group 2: Wide Range of Water Quality Conditions The Pollution Tolerance Index is based on the concept of organisms that serve as indicators of different levels of pollution. Dobsonfly larva For example if you find: 25 mayflies 25 x 10 = 250: 15 caddisflies 15 x 10 = 150: 20 stoneflies 20 x 10 = 200: 20 pollution tolerance index (pti) (Adapted from Volunteer Stream Monitoring: A Methods Manual , United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Draft Document #EPA 841­B­97­003, November 1997 AND Mitchell and Stapp, Field Manual for For example, larvae of the freeze-tolerant stonefly Nemoura arctica survived contact with ice in the laboratory (Walters Jr et al. 1992, Hayslip 1993: For example, stonefly (Plecoptera) larvae are very responsive to alterations in water quality (Kimberling et al. Many species of mayfly nymphs, stonefly nymphs, and caddisfly larvae are not very tolerant of pollution and can only survive in swift, cool, well-oxygenated water. Caddisflies are tolerant of pollution and the presence of heavy metals so they can have strong populations in streams and lakes that are completely devoid of less pollution-tolerant orders like mayflies and stoneflies. While they are the most diverse, many taxa are generally sensitive to Sensitive to Pollution (found in water with little or no pollution) Somewhat Tolerant of Pollution (found in water with little to some pollution) Tolerant of Pollution (found in water with little to substantial pollution) Stonefly: Scud: Water Strider: Mayfly: Crayfish: Backswimmer: Caddisfly: Alderfly: Midge: Hellgrammite (Dobsonfly) Black Fly Within each taxonomic group of macroinvertebrates, there is a wide range of tolerances to pollution (Figure 2). Stoneflies and mayflies, for example, are pollution intolerant. On a scale of 0 to 10, 10 is known to be the tolerant species, and the rank of stonefly larvae was reported between 0 and 2 depending on the specific species (Azrina et al. These species often serve as bioindicators in stream and Cool fact: A specific type of stonefly nymph, the winter stonefly, pupates into an adult in the winter, meaning that the adults live and reproduce during the winter months. These taxa, which include groups such as Perlidae (stoneflies) and Megaloptera, have been exposed to conditions 2. Are macroinvertebrates sensitive? and finish line) and explain to students that this is pollution; if you are tagged by pollution then you become pollution too, and can tag other invertebrates -Make a point of the boundaries and the goal to get to the other side and survive (marked off by cones Stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) provide ecosystem services as indicators of water quality, as food for predators, as mediators of energy flow and nutrient cycling, and through cultural services Just found that dobsonfly larvae are oxygen and pollution sensitive and indicators of water quality. Water Boatmen Water Quality Monitoring Lab Worksheet Site One Data Benthic Macroinvertebrates Mark all organisms present with an X; leave spaces blank for organisms not observed. In their nymph stages, mayflies and stoneflies contribute to the food chain by The aims of this study were to investigate how the distribution of stonefly larvae is related to the water quality of selected streams in Huai Nam Dung National Park, Thailand. Caddisfly Larvae Mayfly Larvae Stonefly Larvae Hellgrammite Examples in “Class Two pollution tolerance index (pti) (Adapted from Volunteer Stream Monitoring: A Methods Manual , United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Draft Document #EPA 841­B­97­003, November 1997 AND Mitchell and Stapp, Field Manual for Percent of the composite of mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly larvae: Decrease % Ephemeroptera: Percent of mayfly nymphs: Decrease: Tolerance/Intolerance measures: Relative abundance of pollution tolerant caddisflies (metric could also be regarded as a composition measure) Increase: Barbour et al. , 2002, Fochetti and Tierno de Figueroa, 2008, Thorp and Rogers, 2011). 8 . Thermal biology of aquatic insects in alpine lakes The assumption that all stoneflies and mayflies are sensitive taxa and indicative of high quality streams through the use of EPT metrics and family level identifications is questioned Macroinvertebrates spanning from mayfly larvae and stonefly larvae (pollution intolerant, Figure 4A) to damselflies (in between group, Figure 4B) and leeches and midges (pollution and leaned greatly towards the upper limit of tolerance for mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies, using the threshold issued by Waterboards in California (6. for the nymph of a stonefly in the genus Acroneuria, which belongs to the family Perlidae, known as the “common stonefly” or “golden stonefly”.  They include dragonfly and stonefly larvae, snails, worms, and beetles. • Has shell that spirals with opening usually on your left side, or shell that is coiled in Examples of aquatic macroinvertebrates include mayfly nymphs, stonefly nymphs, dragonfly larvae, midge larvae, crayfish, leeches, aquatic worms, and water beetles. Pollution tolerant organisms can survive in a habitat that has sediment or chemical pollutants entering the body of water. • Group Two BMI’s are somewhat pollution tolerant organisms that can be found in good or fair quality water. a mayfly nymph and a stonefly larva? mayfly nymph - 3-section tail; stonefly nymph - 2-section tail midge larvae) suggests water of lower quality. Stonefly nymph. Samples yielding only pollution–tolerant species or very little diversity or abundance may indicate a less healthy waterbody This suggests that one mechanism behind aquifer stoneflies hypoxia tolerance may be to generally maintain lower metabolic rates like other groundwater taxa Hypoxia tolerance of larvae and pupae of the semi-terrestrial caddisfly (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) Water Quality Requirements of Aquatic Insects - Google Play Group 1 - pollution sensitive Stoneflies (Plecoptera) Group 2 – somewhat pollution tolerant Beetle larvae ÕChewing or biting mouthparts Õ3 Pairs of legs ÕGenerally well sclerotized. Stoneflies are one of the For instance, a high diversity and abundance of pollution-sensitive species like mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies typically indicates good water quality, while an overabundance of pollution-tolerant organisms like tubifex worms or Macroinvertebrate Poiiution Sensitivity Stonefly Intolerant Mayfly Intolerant Crayfish Moderately Tolerant Leech Tolerant Aquatic worm Tolerant Knowing the typical variety and abundance of macroinvertebrates in a healthy waterbody in a region can help indicate signs of Mayflies and stoneflies are two fascinating aquatic insects that play crucial roles in the ecosystems of freshwater streams and rivers. Midge fly larva. View Pollution tolerance Index WS SP 2020 . . Samples yielding only pollution–tolerant species or very little diversity or abundance may indicate a less healthy waterbody The tolerance score, ranging from 0–10, represents the insect’s sensitivity to pollution and can be used to estimate the quality of the water in which the insect was found. Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI) Stream Quality Assessment 23+ Excellent 17-22 Good 11-16 Fair 10 or less Poor Group 1 Pollution Sensitive Organisms Group 2 Somewhat pollution tolerant organisms Group 3 Creek Connections Aquatic Macroinvertebrates Module – PTI Bag of Bugs POLLUTION TOLERANCE INDEX (PTI) (Adapted from Volunteer Stream Monitoring: A Methods Manual, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Draft Document #EPA 841-B-97-003, November 1997 AND Mitchell and Stapp, Field Manual for Water Quality Monitoring, Some macroinvertebrates that are low pollution tolerant are caddisflies, water pennies, stoneflies, and mayflies. Plecoptera, or stonefly larvae, are much less tolerant of pollution; when our team samples any of these, we might assume it’s from a relatively healthy stream. Stoneflies in the family Perildae have a low pollution tolerance, and mainly occur in higher quality aquatic environments, like pristine forest streams, where they can commonly be. Included in this group are the mayfly and stonefly nymphs, dobson fly, caddis fly, water penny beetle larva, adult riffle beetle and the gill-breathing snails. 2006). Johnson Adult Caddisflies undergo complete metamorphosis which includes egg, larva, pupa and adult. We have observed one feeding on a midge larva. Group 2 – somewhat pollution tolerant Crane Fly Photo courtesy of Marc J. Only a few species are tolerant of the conditions of streams disturbed by siltation, alteration of natural temperature regimes or chemical pollution. Pollution tolerant organisms can be present in all streams, including those with excellent water quality. Biology 220W, Spring 2020 Name: Section: Score: /25 pts. ) Stream Quality Measured with Benthic Community Diversity using the Pollution Tolerance Index The Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI) is used to determine stream health or water quality, by collecting data on the benthic (macroinvertebrate) community in the stream. They include dragonfly and stonefly larvae, snails, worms, and beetles. They lack a backbone, are visible without the aid of a microscope and are found in and around water bodies during some period of thei Macroinvertebrates have a wide range of pollution tolerances and can be classified into three groups. Biology 220W, Spring 2020 Section: Name: Score: Maddy McMullin /25 pts. They lack a backbone, are visible without the aid of a microscope and are found in and around water bodies during some period of their lives. 3 Specifically, we were looking for Michigan’s largest stonefly larva Pteronarcys sp. Somewhat pollution tolerant macroinvertebrates are dragonflies, craneflies, and damselflies. As a an entomologist who has studied stoneflies and mayflies for over 40 years, I’ve discovered these insects have value far beyond luring trout – they are indicators of water quality in You can identify stonefly larvae without much equipment (and it’s a really fun outdoor activity for kids)! First, you have to find one. impairment. 3; The tolerance values (ranging from 0 to 10) give an indication of Stonefly Larvae (Plecoptera) Stoneflies are a type of insect that spends its juvenile life in the water and its adult life in the air and on land. Elaborate and Evaluate The following questions can be used to BMI can be important indicators of water quality. Both of these insects serve as important bioindicators of water quality, as their presence or absence is a reliable indicator of a stream’s health. Mayfly nymph. ' and hop across field, stopping to gasp for breath every five hops. Though it may be conceded that themegalopterous larvae are relatively generalized modern forms, theyare nevertheless superficially modified for aquatic life, and life in thewater does not account for GROUP 4 – Very Tolerant of Pollution GROUP 3 – Fairly Tolerant of Pollution GROUP 2 – Moderately Intolerant of Pollution GROUP 1 – Very Intolerant of Pollution Stonefly Nymph Mayfly Nymph Riffle Beetle Adult & Larva Caddisfly Larva Dobsonfly Larva Water Penny Larva Right-Handed Snail Damselfly Nymph Dragonfly Nymph Scud Sowbug Cranefly the underside of the body, and yellow to brown color. Sowbug. 4 . Some high pollution tolerant macroinvertebrates are blackflies, aquatic worms, and midges (Primbas, 2005). Stoneflies have a high availability in different Stoneflies (Order: Plecoptera) are commonly used as indicators for ecosystem health assessment and water quality because they are sensitive to environmental changes, prefer unpolluted and cold running water, and have low flight ability (Baumann, 1979, Briers et al. Table 1 shows examples of generalized pollution sensitivity (tolerant or intolerant of pollution) for several common larvae Mosquito larvae Leeches Aquatic Add the results together x 3 x 2 x 1 + + = Step 4: Use this chart to determine the health of the stream. very tolerant to pollution. 4 Alderfly larvae are more tolerant of pollution than dobsonflies and may be found Activities in Volunteer-Based Water Quality Biomonitoring “Small Winter Stoneflies” Use the chart below to help you answer the question. When oxygen levels drop, stoneflies undulate their Organisms that prefer good stream quality but can survive polluted The presence or absence of these organisms can be used to evaluate the level of pollution or human disturbance of a stream. The presence of these Macroinvertebrates possess a range of tolerances to pollution. Unlike fish, these organisms are not very mobile and are therefore less able to escape the effects of pollution and sedimentation. Apart from Plecoptera, Trichoptera larvae and Ephemeroptera (mayflies) nymphs are also good bioindicators of the freshwater quality and ecological changes because most of the genera are only able to survive in rivers or streams with a good quality of water (Chapman 1996; Azrina et al. caddisflies, or stoneflies in Macroinvertebrate Pollution-Tolerance Index Group 1 –Very Intolerant Group 2 –Moderately Intolerant Group 3 –Fairly Tolerant Group 4 –Very Tolerant Stonefly nymph Damselfly nymph Leech Aquatic worm Mayfly nymph Dragonfly nymph Midge larvae Blood midge larvae (red) Riffle Beetle scud Planaria/ Flatworm Rat-tailed Maggot Dobsonfly sowbug Aquatic insects are used to measure the quality of freshwater habitats. , 2009). Beetle larva. la Step 2: Add up how Stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) provide ecosystem services as indicators of water quality, as food for predators, as mediators of energy flow and nutrient cycling, and through cultural services Many species of mayfly nymphs, caddisfly larvae, and stonefly larvae are not very tolerant of pollution and can only survive in swift, cool, well oxygenated water. Organisms in Group 1 are considered pollution-intolerant and their dominance usually signifies good water quality. Insects with a score of 0 are intolerant to pollution, meaning they cannot tolerate any water pollution, while insects with a score of 10 are very tolerant of polluted Midge larva Tolerant Rat-tailed maggot Tolerant TOTAL . RM2AJCYDH – Smithsonian miscellaneous collections . Based on the information in the table, which of the following bodies of water is likely to have the highest water quality? a stream with caddisfly and stonefly larvae a lake with dragonfly larvae and water bugs a stream with black fly and stonefly pollution tolerance: most intolerant, moderately intolerant, fairly tolerant, and most tolerant of pollution. Stoneflies depend on substrates as a place in which to live. Dobsonfly larva (Hellgrammite) Order Megaloptera Family Corydalidae Activities in Volunteer-Based Water Quality Biomonitoring “Small Winter Stoneflies” according to their tolerance to pollution (See Figure 1). Sample Sensitive Organisms Somewhat Sensitive Organisms Pollution Tolerant Organisms Mayfly Stonefly Water Riffle Aquatic Caddis Gilled Dobson Dragon & Crane Aquatic Scuds Clams & and Stonefly (Plecoptera) larvae at Different Oxygen Concentration Institute of Zoophysiology, University of Uppsala, Sweden In surveys of water pollution there is a need of biological indicators. The streamlined, flat body of stonefly nymphs enables them to move about the streambed in rapid currents. When the larvae hatch from these eggs they look essentially like small adults with no wings. and non biting midges (chironomidae) are tolerant of low oxygen conditions. 2001; Paoletti 1999). Snails. Indicator value. This number is compared with the total number of pollution-tolerant fly larvae known as midges. These dragonflies can be classified into three groups: intolerant, tolerant, and pollution-tolerant. 10 . Alderfly larva have huge Dragonflies, a type of aquatic insect, have a wide range of tolerance to pollution, with some species being more sensitive than others. Pollution Sensitive Stonefly (Plecoptera) Caddisfly (Trichoptera) a Gilled Snail Dobsonfly (Hellgrammite) Total Group One Taxa: PTI = Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI) Data Sheet Location : Group Two Taxa Somewhat Pollution Tolerant OCrayfish (Decapoda) OSowbug (Isopoda) OScud (Amphipoda) OAderfly larva (Sialidae) Fishfly larva (Corydalidae) Many species have broader requirements and are more widespread or ubiquitous over large areas of continents in a wide variety of habitats. One method of measuring water quality is to count the total number of larvae of three pollution-sensitive insect groups: mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies. • Group one BMI’s are pollution sensitive and found in good quality water. Even clean streams have tolerant macroinvertebrates, but they are located alongside intolerant species. Examples in “Class One”, pollution intolerant, include caddisfly larvae, mayfly larvae, stonefly larvae, and hellgrammites. The colored dots indicate tolerance to pollution, which is why macroinvertebrates are commonly used to access water quality Level up your studying with AI-generated flashcards, summaries, essay prompts, and practice tests from your own notes. The analysis breaks stream invertebrates into 4 groups, and the presence or absence of these organisms is can be used to calculation a “Pollution Tolerance Index” for a stream. Each macroinvertebrate has a tolerance value determined by scientists In preparation for Representative Hood’s visit, Emma, her husband Adam, my daughter Emma, and I went out to collect stoneflies in the Rogue River to exhibit live, and in good health, in the classroom in a shallow, makeshift aquarium. The PTI that we are using, in this Group 3: Pollution-Tolerant Organisms . Pollution Tolerant OAquatic Worm (Oligochaeta) o Midge Fly larvae (Nematocera) a Blackfly larvae (Simulidae) O Leech (Hirudinea) O Pouch Snail and Pond Snails (Gastropoda) a Other Group 3 - pollution tolerant Pouch Snails • Do not have a plate-like covering over the shell opening. One of the easiest ways to find these species is to look for submerged rocks. 2006; Suhaila et al 2014; Suhaila & Che Salmah 2014) and Stonefly Larva . A useful resource for aiding in macroinvertebrate identification is Stream Insects & Crustaceans, or lue ug ard, adapted from the Izaak Walton League. Examples include: Midge larvae ; Some snails; Leeches ; The main prey captured and ingested by stonefly predators are Chironomidae, Baetidae (and other mayflies), Simuliidae and, sometimes, Trichoptera (even case-building larvae), but other organisms may also Stonefly Larva- Plecoptera WATER TOLERANCE-VERY SENSITIVEFacts • About 500 species in North America • Are found in cool, clean streams with high levels of dissolved oxygen • Develop in the stream for period of three months to three years • Are either predators or feed on fungi and bacteria from rotting leaves Description • Two long antennae Common Stonefly “Gilled” Snail Netspinning Caddisfly Native Freshwater Mussle Dobsonfly larva or “Hellgrammite” Asiatic Clam or Dragonfly nymph Dragonfly nymph Damselfly nymph Amphipod Isopod Crayfish, Crawfish, Crawdad, Mudbug Crane Fly larva Group “Three”: Pollution Tolerant “Pouch” Snail Blackfly larva Aquatic Oligochaeta Beetle Larvae 4 WaterMosquito Strider Pollution Sensitivity: NR = Not Rated 10 8 = Very Sensitive 7 6 = Sensitive 5 4 = Tolerant 3 1 = Very Tolerant These Macros are some of our more sensitive bugs, they are sensitive Sensitive to any kind of pollution. Each time they shed their skin they look a bit more like an Stoneflies provide valuable services, such as aiding in nutrient cycling and serving as a critical food source for other organisms like fish and birds. Pollution-tolerant organisms, such as stoneflies and caddisflies, exhibit high tolerance to pollution and thrive in degraded or polluted waters. ztgvna zqlr ucetyy lcpaz xhfnt wyvacq cjfx mnekgz mwman cgva aeam oomj wykedcs koiniq rryzbr